Factors that affect enzyme activity

Since the dynamic site for all particles of one protein will be comprised of a similar game plan of amino acids, It has a profoundly explicit shape. For the most part, there is just a single dynamic site on every protein atom and just one sort of substrate particle will fit into it. This particularity prompts the lock and key theory, Source 1: http:/twwa. s-cool. co. uk/a-level/blology/organic atoms and-proteins/reconsider it/compounds Source 2: http://cllck4blology. lnfo/c4b?/chem3. 6. htm#one a) Large globular protein compound b) Active Site where the substrate joins to the chemical ) Substrate which fits the dynamic site d) Activated complex.The substrate is debilitated to permit the response. e) Unchanged catalyst/re-utilized at low fixation f) Product of the response In my examination, I will utilize the compound catalase, which is found in most living beings. It catalyzes the deterioration of hydrogen peroxide Into water and oxygen. 2H202 + catalase > 2820 + 02 Catalase dras tically diminishes the initiation vitality required for the response. Without catalase the decay would take any longer, and would not be sufficiently quick to support human life.Hydrogen peroxide is likewise a risky, extremely powerful side-effect of digestion, so it is basic that it is separated rapidly, else it would make harm cells. The movement of a compound is influenced by its natural conditions. Changing these will modify the pace of response brought about by the protein. In nature, life forms alter the states of their compounds to create an ideal pace of response, where vital, or they may have chemicals which are adjusted to work well In outrageous conditions where they live.Enzyme Concentration: at low catalyst focus there is extraordinary rivalry for he dynamic destinations and the pace of response is low. As the protein fixation builds, there are progressively dynamic destinations and the response can continue at a quicker rate, for additional chemicals will crash into su bstrate atoms. Inevitably, expanding tne compound concentratlon Deyona a certain polnt nas no erect Decause tne suDstrate focus turns into the constraining factor.Inquiring upon this factor, it is evident to envision expanding chemical fixation will likewise build pace of response dependent on logical information and in the wake of throwing a specific measure of catalyst oncentration, it will never again be the restricting variable. In the event that I investigate this factor, I would see my information to look like the chart underneath, as it embodies how expanding compound focus builds pace of reaction(shown through line moving) until it turns into the restricting element and the pace of response doesn't increase(shown through line not climbing).Source 3 :http://alevelnotes. com/Factors-influencing Enzyme-Activity/146 Substrate Concentration: like the catalyst fixation, at low centralizations of substrate there is a low pace of response. This is on the grounds that there are scarc ely any substrate particles to respond with dynamic destinations and along these lines restricting the quantity of responses occurring. From now on, expanding the substrate fixation will build the pace of response. This is on the grounds that more substrate atoms will slam into chemical particles, so more item will be formed.However, after a specific fixation, any expansion will have no impact on the pace of response, since Substrate Concentration will never again be the restricting variable. The catalysts will viably get immersed, and will be working at their greatest conceivable rate. If I somehow managed to examine this factor, I would anticipate the pace of response will increment as substrate focus increments, until a specific fixation is included when the substrate atoms are in abundance bringing about compound saturation.The diagram (underneath) shows my forecast. Source 3 :http://alevelnotes. com/Factors-influencing Enzyme-Activity/146 catalyst and substrate Simple picture d epicting proposed picture for focus (talked about in concurring variables). Referenced as â€Å"picture of proposed examination underneath' Temperature: All compounds ave ideal temperatures, the temperature at which a catalyst creates the most elevated response rate for a particular response. Most of proteins in the human body works best at 37 Celsius degrees.This is on the grounds that 37 degrees Celsius is the bodys inside temperature and catalysts, for example, catalase, have been adjusted to work best at that specific temperature. Underneath the ideal temperature, substrates have minimal motor vitality and less enter the dynamic site to be catalyzed. Be that as it may, as temperature increments towards the ideal, the substrates and catalysts acquire inetic vitality and impact all the more frequently prompting a concoction response. At the point when the temperature goes over the ideal, the securities holding compounds together likewise increase motor vitality, speeding up at wh ich they vibrate.This prompts the securities breaking inside the protein, making it change shape. This adjustment fit as a fiddle implies that the dynamic site is less corresponding to the state of the substrate, so it is less inclined to catalyze the response. In the end, the protein will Decome denatured ana will no longer Tunctlon. I nen as temperature Increases more nzymes' atoms' dynamic destinations will turn out to be less corresponding for the substrate particles and afterward more catalysts will be denatured.This will diminish the pace of response. On the off chance that I analyzed this factor, I would foresee that the pace of response will top at 37 degrees Celsius, as that is the ideal temperature of catalase. Additionally, as expressed in the last section, expanding or diminishing the temperature from its ideal will bring down the pace of response. Thusly, I ought to expect the information I gathered to be comparable of the chart underneath. Source 4: http://www. rsc. rg /Education/Teachers/Resources/cfb/proteins. tm PH: pH gauges the corrosiveness and basicity ofa arrangement. It is a proportion of the hydrogen particle (H+) focus, and in this manner a decent pointer of the hydroxide particle (OH-) fixation. It ranges from PHI to pH14. Lower pH esteems mean higher H + fixations and lower OH-focuses. Not at all like the equivalent ideal temperature for all chemicals that stay in the human body (370c); the ideal pH fluctuates for the compounds. For instance, the protein pepsin has an ideal pH of 2. 0 though catalase has an ideal of 7. 6.Enzymes in various areas have distinctive Optimum pH esteems since their ecological conditions might be extraordinary. In this example, pepsin works most capability at pH 2 since it is ordinarily found in the stomach, where pH is low because of the nearness of hydrochloric corrosive. Chemicals work in little scopes of pH esteems, so any change above or underneath the ideal will cause an unexpected diminishing in pace of response, since a greater amount of the compound atoms will have dynamic destinations whose shapes are not (or possibly are less) corresponding to the state of their substrate.Small changes beneath or over the ideal, doesn't make a perpetual change the proteins since the securities can be transformed. Be that as it may, outrageous changes in pH can make chemicals denature and for all time free their capacity. At the point when the pH is transformed from the ideal of the specific chemical, the H+ and OH-meddle with hydrogen and ionic bonds that hold together a catalyst, since they will be pulled in or repulsed by the charges made by the bonds. This impedance causes an adjustment looking like the catalyst and in particular, the dynamic site.

Essay Introduction Samples - Your Essay Needs to Be Unique

Essay Introduction Samples - Your Essay Needs to Be UniqueEssay introduction samples come in different shapes and sizes. In fact, it is not uncommon to find one that can perfectly suit your needs. However, while choosing the right essay introduction sample for your own purposes, there are a few things that you should be aware of. Reading on will help you choose the best essay introduction sample to match your needs.When you think about it, what type of essay introduction sample are you going to read? Basically, you are going to have a few options in terms of the text you will use for the sample. If you go online, you will find hundreds of samples to choose from. For many students, this is one of the reasons they never make it past the first part of their college application essay.Many students have no problem accepting these essay samples and submitting them in the online application. This is all well and good, but does this really improve their chances of getting accepted? The truth is that there is more to writing a good essay than simply creating a list of facts. If you only know how to write a short essay, you may be in for a rude awakening when it comes time to choose an essay introduction sample.Rather than choosing essay introduction samples that are written for individuals who do not possess any experience with writing an essay, be sure to consider what the writer might be able to add to your essay. Do not forget that all essays need to contain some sort of reference. Therefore, if the essay is written by a professional writer, the reference will most likely come from his or her experiences.You also want to check out the essay introduction samples for yourself. Sometimes, the topic is interesting, but the essay could be made easier by using a different approach. By taking a closer look at the sample you are considering, you will find that a specific essay introduction sample is more effective than one that is written for the general audience.In some cas es, the writer of the essay is very familiar with the topic. In other cases, the writer might just be a bit stuck on the topic. By looking closely at the essay samples you are considering, you will find that you are able to make the choice based on what you want the essay to accomplish. If the essay focuses on the academic merits of the sample, the writer should address those.Of course, the essay samples that are written specifically for a particular audience will focus on what the reader can expect from the essay. If you choose a certain type of essay introduction sample to use, you can be sure that the essay will be less likely to be controversial and will be focused on the facts. However, if you choose to look at the broader variety of essay samples, you may find that the facts can turn into controversy if the essay does not highlight the facts properly.Whatever essay introduction samples you choose, make sure that you keep these tips in mind. By doing so, you will be sure to get the perfect essay on your next essay writing project. Taking these steps can go a long way toward helping you understand the basics of essay writing.

Taobao

Taobao © Shutterstock.com | Gil CTaobao is one of the biggest consumer-to-consumer platforms on the internet. In this article we will look at 1) what is Taobao?, 2) selling successfully on Taobao, 3) advantages of selling on Taobao, 4) precautions, and 5) Taobao Success Stories.WHAT IS TAOBAO?The CompanyTaobao is a Chinese e-commerce website that was founded by the Alibaba Group in 2003. It is a customer-to-customer platform that allows individual sellers and small business owners to sell their products to different buyers. It is similar in operation to eBay and Amazon. Sellers can create and operate virtual storefronts. The website caters primarily to buyers and sellers in China, Hong Kong, Macau and Taiwan.Both fixed price sales and auction formats are available to sellers. Most items are sold through a fixed price model with a very small percentage of auction sales. Buyers can judge a seller’s credibility by looking at the provided information on the site which includes other user rat ings, comments and complaints.The website is very popular with as many as 760 million products listed by March 2013. It is one of the top 10 most visited websites in the world according to data gathered by Alexa Internet.Rise to SuccessTo compete with an expanding eBay, Taobao allows sellers to list their products at no cost and provides special features on the website such as instant messaging between buyers and sellers and an escrow based payment solution called Alipay. These features are consumer focused and have allowed Taobao to become the leading C2C platform in mainland China. Growth has been rapid with market share moving from 8 percent in 2003 to 67  percent in 2006. Concurrently, eBay’s share fell from 79 percent to 29  percent and the website closed down operations in China by 2006.ExpansionIn 2008, the website expanded to include a business to consumer addition called the Taobao Mall. With its own web domain, aims to provide quality brand name products to the Chinese b uyers. By 2011, Tmall became an independent business and by 2013 it was the 8th most visited website in China.The business has also expanded to include an independent search engine called etao which provides product and seller information across many e-commerce websites. In 2011, the parent company Alibaba also launched a physical Taobao mall in Beijing.The Business ModelThe Taobao business model has been successful where others have failed. The website differs from similarly structured eBay in two major regards. First, the items sold on it are predominantly new and not used. Secondly, there is no setup fee or per transaction fee charged. This fee-free model has made it immensely popular among users in China. The website generates revenue by offering advertising and other services that help the seller stand out from a crowd of other sellers. Merchant advertisements appear with product search results.To add to this, when Tmall was launched there was a change in the revenue model. Tar geted towards bigger sellers, there are several fees charged including a deposit, an annual fee and a per transaction commission.HOW TO SELL SUCCESSFULLY ON TAOBAOTips for Selling on TaobaoAs with all e-commerce platforms, there needs to be concentrated effort to launch a successful business and generate revenues. Some tips for achieving this on Taobao are:Be Innovative: With hundreds of vendors vying for a buyer’s attention, it is a good idea to identify a niche or a unique selling proposition to help stand out from the crowd. This should be used together with a sound marketing plan to make your product stand apart and generate interest.Be Patient: With stiff competition, it can take some time to build up a strong business. It is important to have a long term plan with specific goals and targets to achieve. Learn from your mistakes and work towards building a sustainable and scalable business.Focus on Keywords: When a buyer is out to find a specific item, they will enter specific keywords into the search function. Identifying the right keywords that will direct these buyers to your product and using them effectively are a key to successful online selling. Keywords can relate to the brand, model, any product features or benefits, store name, common adjectives used to define the product etc. Any combination of these keywords may be used to search for the item. Often, similar products or products that fulfill the same need can also be used as keywords to direct buyers to a product.Use the Community: The Taobao community is a place where buyers and sellers can interact. This interaction can lead to familiarity and increased sales as well as repeat customers. A successful seller may be able to animate her community and increase networking. Discussion topics can create awareness and help extend business. These topics can become viral both within the community and even more widespread over the internet. Regular posts on relevant topics will continue to engage buye rs and build up credibility as a serious seller.Offer Promotions: Despite interest, most buyers are looking for a good deal and a great price. Offering promotions on products is a good way to attract buyers and generate excitement about your product. The best promotions offered are showcased by Taobao which increases the probability of being seen by the buyers. In addition, it is a good idea to identify popular holidays and events and build promotional activities around them. Valentine’s Day, Chinese New Year and other festivals are popular times for shopping.Build Credibility: Gaining consumer confidence is vital for online success. An attractive price point and strong communication activities will bring in a buyer but poor quality of items or misleading the customer will only mean lost consumers. Providing a realistic view of items and providing the best quality of goods and services will mean good reviews and repeat customers.Build Supportive Social Media Presence: Buyers will often use social media to share their shopping experience and product likes or dislikes. It is important to establish presence on the social media outlets frequented by your target market and use these to reach out to these consumers. This can help understand market trends, consumer behavior as well as to bring in new customers as well as repeat ones.Provide Excellent Customer Service: Customers often want to get an idea of who the seller is and what the product is before actually making a purchase. For this, Taobao offers a chat feature which is extremely popular with the Chinese audience. A successful seller is one who makes use of this channel and ensures that all customer queries are addressed and responded to in a timely and friendly manner.Provide Reliable Delivery: Chinese consumers expect quick deliveries for their online purchases and it is a good idea to offer quick and reliable delivery.Work with Popular Payment Solutions: Alipay, a local escrow based payment system and c ash on delivery are two methods that are popular in China. Alipay is secure and reliable. These methods should be understood and used.  ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES OF SELLING ON TAOBAOSelling your products on this popular website comes with advantages and disadvantages.AdvantagesSome of the advantages are:Large Chinese Market: Online shopping is very popular in China and Taobao is larger than any physical retail location. According to the China Internet Network Information Center, there were 618 million internet users in China in 2013. Of these, online buyers show a phenomenal growth with shoppers spending $213 billion online. The internet retail market has shown a 70 percent annual growth since 2009.Low Risk and Low Cost: The Taobao business model has no fees attached to merely listing and selling products. In addition, an online business has less inventory pressure, storage issues or management risks. There is less investment as there is no need to establish a physical store presenc e. The overall cost for a seller is reduced and this can be passed on to the consumer in the form of lower priced items and benefits the seller by increasing profit margins.Built-In Secure Payment System: Alibaba, the Taobao parent company also owns the most popular online payment system in China called Alipay. This escrow based system is widely trusted and a reliable way to safely and quickly make online payments. It is a very simple method where a buyer sends money to Alipay on purchasing an item. Alipay then passed on the payment when the product is received by the buyer. The system offers both the buyer and the seller a guarantee of payment and a good product.DisadvantagesThere are two major disadvantages of selling on Taobao. These are:Language Barrier: The biggest users on Taobao remain the residents of China. This means that to sell to them effectively, one must be fluent in their language. A way around this is to hire a Chinese speaker to handle communication, but this may n ot be an option for smaller sellers.Counterfeits: There is a huge counterfeit market on Taobao as well as Tmall. This means that people have cheaper alternatives to any products being sold or are wary of trusting any seller because there is not clear way to tell counterfeits apart online.Those of our readers who have had experience buying or selling on Taobao are welcome to add their experiences in the comments section.PRECAUTIONSIt is usually safe to conduct transactions on Taobao. There is a high degree of reliability on the website. But there are always cases on a bad experience or a bad seller or buyer. It is a good idea to be attempt to identify possible trouble sellers or buyers before getting into business with them. A robust feedback system allows buyers to assess a seller and make an informed decision about buying products from them. Buyers can select sellers with high ratings and good reviews. Similarly, sellers can take a look at any buyer ratings if available and avoid a ny that spell potential trouble.Look for sellers with high transactions and 99 percent feedback.See if the prospective buyer is listed and has a buyer feedbackRead through bad feedback and try to understand what could have caused it. A good seller may have had bad luck with a troublesome buyer.Look at seller speed, accuracy and attitude ratingsBe sure to try to fix any problems and discuss issues before leaving a negative rating for a buyer or a seller.TAOBAO SUCCESS STORIESThere are many examples of successful businesses on Taobao and Tmall. Some of these are:CocokakaCocokaka is a Taobao store that stocks items reminiscent of an urban Outfitters store. Products listed include things like a headless cat backpack, quirky iPhone cases and a teapot hat. One of the most popular items is a giant tiger head backpack. The store is owned and operated by Luojun Xu, who is a student at the Shanghai Academy for Visual Arts. Only 19, she plans to continue further studies abroad in England. Unli ke others, who mostly resell wholesale bought items, Xu creates her own accessories to sell. She transforms cheap, plain accessories into original products to sell in her store.Through her store on Taobao she earns as much as $9,800 a year and attracts 400,000 visitors. She was attracted by the low barriers to entry, access to thousands of users and the opportunity to make good profits on the e-commerce website. According to Xu, good products, good packaging, an interesting storefront, excellent customer service and timely service make the difference between a successful Taobao store and a failed one. Some promotion and marketing also go a long way. Her method for handling competition is to continue to launch newer and more innovative products while maintaining quality of product and service.Puppy Mischief on TaobaoA successful Taobao based online business, PuppY Mischief sells unique pet products online. Products listed include items as diverse as lace trimmed tutus for dogs to spe cialty puppy shampoos. The store was created by Yao Zhen and his wife in 2009. They eventually settled on Taobao as a platform after exploring different retail options and strategies.The inspiration for the business came from Yao’s long standing affection for dogs. He often rescued  dogs and kept them in his own house. As a dog owner, he identified a need for dog related products and a lack of easy availability and access to these items. This encouraged him to attempt to start his own business. Taobao was the eventual choice as there was very little effort or investment required to set up the shop. There was also no need to stock a lot of inventory or offer a variety of product choices. To begin with, Yao sold as much as he could and still managed to make money.Kumeijiao on TaobaoAnother successful Taobao store, Kumeijiao, has been selling wool yarn online since 2007. The business was founded by Liu Yuguo who was encouraged by his uncle to explore the platform because others were making profits on it. He discovered that opening the online store was much easier than he had expected. There was no need for investment or capital and money can be made immediately. Liu experienced this when his items sold out on the first day he listed them on Taobao. Over the years, Liu has added other products and items such as wool and cashmere finished products, but his best-selling item remains what he started with, the spools of yarn.Liu now has a team of 40 workers and has expanded to open a store on Tmall. He pays for listing on Tmall and a commission but can afford to make that investment to compete in a different marketplace.ODM on TmallODM is a watchmaker that created its store on Tmall in 2012. The aim was to reach customers who lived outside of Major Chinese cities. The ODM watches were already sold within their stores, but the company was interested in using the online platform to sell anywhere.Within a few years, the company has managed to grown its online business exponentially and now sells around 60,000 watches a year through its online retail website.

After College The Worst Case Scenario

So, you graduated college. This is the moment we’ve all been waiting for. No relatives raising their eyebrows when you tell them that no, you haven’t dropped out yet (and yes, you’re still single, thanks), no more classes, no more essays just the sweet relief of knowing that you hold in your hand the key to the rest of your life. Right? Right? However, sometimes things don’t go that smoothly, and it’s worth considering what could happen when and if the worst case scenario hits post-graduation. And what exactly is that scenario? Your Friends At every stage of life high school, college, work- you’re told that you’re making friends for life by at least one person. The truth? You never know who’s going to stick around, so don’t put too much pressure on your college friendships to last a lifetime. So you spent the last two summers on holiday together, drinking till your liver wept in protest and trying to hook up with cute guys/girls? That’s awesome, but consider this: most of your friends, and you, will probably move away after college. You might live on the other side of the city, or the other side of the world fact is, you’re both going to be moving on with your lives now. Sure, you can meet up and reminisce about old times, but don’t get too caught up in the allure of forging never-ending friendships. The ones who are meant to stay in your life after graduation will no matter what the distance, but most of your college friends are probably going to drift off to the level of occasional Facebook stalkee. Your Job That’s what you’ve been hanging around here for, right? Spending (insert number of years) here working, learning, and scraping by so you can find the job of your dreams. It ain’t too rosy out on the job market right now, and the chances of you tumbling fresh-faced out of college and into a degree-appropriate job is pretty minimal. You’ll probably spend hours staring at scores of email cover letters to jobs more and more distantly related to your field of study, before winding up taking something that just pays the bills. And that’s nothing to be ashamed of it’s that, or move back in with the (whisper it) parents. Which you’ll definitely see some of your old dorm buddies doing in the months following graduation. Your Money And speaking of moving in with your parents, what about the money situation? There are no student loans to bounce you through nights of drinking and debauchery no it’s down to what you can earn in your non-degree-related job (see above) that probably involves smiling politely at assholes for about 65% of your day. You’ll have to start planning a budget in advance for nights out (which will inevitably give you a hangover now, on top of everything else), and rent week will be spent munching on lots of sandwiches and noodles.

Why Do We Need The Security - 1305 Words

Not to mention, it will help the follower and leader understand exactly why things are operating in that capacity. Managers do not just make things up as time goes on. All information being flowed has a structure in place for this important reason. It will be easier to adjust when situations arise and things are not going as planned. The reason it will be easier is because the structure of positions from the top on down understands each role and responsibility. Without a solid foundation, security will not stand and target of opportunity will get out of control. Another key point, is to ensure management continues to understand security with continued study and education. Just because a security professional makes it to a certain†¦show more content†¦A final management principle and a very important one to consider is performance. Not performance of self, but all security professionals in the industry. Performance can mean a lot of things and understand specifics need to be further evaluated. Specific areas to consider when evaluated employees are each security professionals potential. If a manger understands who is working for the industry it will create a better work environment. Additionally, members of the team need to be evaluated based off performance. This can highlight future leaders, managers and maybe even top level positions for the future. A manager is only as good as the people working within the industry. Growth needs to be instilled in each employee in order to keep a standard of excellence. How does this look like and what actions need to be taken? First and foremost, manager’s needs to ensure leaders are evaluating security personnel based off duty performance. In the military a rank structure exists for many reasons. One driving factor is position and how well each individual performs based off the entire team. 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Recycling Free Essays

Recycling: The Best Savings Plan for a Better Tomorrow. Recycled Orchestra is the orchestra which consists of kids and teenagers who play music with the help of recycled instruments in Cateura, Paraguay which a slum made on a landfill. The people in the slums cannot afford to buy musical instruments for their children. We will write a custom essay sample on Recycling or any similar topic only for you Order Now So, they collect the instruments and waste items from the garbage and by repairing the instruments and using the other required things to make the instruments for their children. Thus, recycling of the broken instruments had led to an orchestra with an increasing number of participants in the group and which now competing in many of the tournaments in and out Paraguay. Recycled Orchestra is one of the best examples of recycling things with great output. This also shows that recycling the waste and trash into useful goods not only keeps the environment clean and saves money and raw materials but also help completing peoples dreams. Recycled Orchestra and Recycled business of games and other articles are some of the most popular concept of the biggest slums in the world. Recycling is the process of converting waste and materials into useful products to avoid the wastage of potentially useful resources, conserve the fresh raw resources for the future, reducing the pollution caused during the disposal of waste like the combustion of useless products and the activities like landfills which causes the contamination of soil and minerals and groundwater beneath it and basically to protect our planet from contamination. Recycling is one of the components of â€Å"Waste Hierarchy† –Reduce, Reuse and Recycle. Recycling is a huge topic to take into the picture the steps for recycling like collecting, sorting, processing and finally using the recycled waste into useful products, then comes in the things to be recycled which give the maximum output like paper, metals, water, glass and plastic these are some of the most important ones and finally the global issues like global warming, greenhouse gases and pollution which recycling provides a solution. Firstly, the steps for recycling consist of some of the basic steps like collecting, sorting and processing it into useful products. These steps induces the â€Å"Waste Hierarchy† by itself by collecting the waste and the recyclable material from the garbage it reduces the amount of the usage new and fresh material and also reduces the waste going for direct incineration or dumping. Reuse is the final step after recycle, which is acceptance from the consumers or the usage of recycled products. The collection process is taken care by the government by assigning central collection facility for various localities and areas which collect the waste and trash from different places such as drop-off centers, buyback centers and the curbside centers. The drop-off centers consists of the various utilities which help in the collection of the junk like the rubbish bin, the other public usage trash bin and this rash consists of unknown stuff as these drop-off centers are located in public places where so people throw a lot of unwanted and unknown stuff. The buyback centers are the profit making organizations which charge customers for collecting their trash from their community and their houses and collect the trash and sorting it and selling the same trash to the recycling facilities and waste management centers. The other facility for trash collection is the curbside centers wherein the client separates their trash according to their knowledge prior to the curbside center’s trash collection vehicles come and pick up the trash. These vehicles then dump the trash directly to the central sorting facility. Sorting is one of the most important parts of the recycling process, because if the all the things in the trash are not properly sorted the important recyclable things or even simply repaired could go in vain as in the case of recycled orchestra wherein the processes of sorting they find the broken instruments which by repairing save a lot of money and cleaning up the waste. The sorting process helps in proper recycling and decomposition as well. The recycling process goes through a lot of chemical and physical changes in the actual matter which is being processed. Thus, the mixture of two different matters might change in the final result and the whole process of recycling from the collecting till the end goes in vain and creating toxic waste. Sorting of easily recyclable materials such as metals, glass, paper and plastic are the most common ones. The sorting process is taken carry by the material recovery facility wherein his paper and metal waste is separated using the vibration method which brings the light items up like first paper, then plastic and finally metals and glass which are the heaviest. The steel items such as cans and bottles are sorted by the magnetic separation method. Then the aluminium and other metallic waste are sorted by the electric current and the plastics by the sensors and finally the glass is taken out and using the scanner for glass is checked for any other materials except the glass and then passed for recycling. Thus this thing is finally given out for finally processes. The www. recyclingguide. k org website approved by the waste management organization gives information regarding recycling and some facts such as that Up to 60% of the rubbish that ends up in the dustbin could be recycled and this unused energy from the dustbin could light up a television for more than 5000 hours. After the sorting processes the sorted garbage or trash is taken to their particular recycling centers for recycling. Recycling processes in general consists of breaking the used things in to its basic structure and then again using it for as a new product. The recycling of paper consists of breaking down the paper by mixing it with water and other chemicals and once the solution of the liquidized form of paper is formed it then heat treated and finally converted into new paper. The Bureau of International Recycling suggests that the recycling of the paper can be done for at least 7 times with a small amount of degradation in the quality of paper. Recycled paper produces 73% less air pollution than if it was made from raw materials. It’s always better to use a 1 ton of recycled paper than using 24 trees for making 1 on of newspaper. The other most important substance which is recycled is metals which if sorted properly would save a lot of fresh natural resources. The recycling of metal is done by melting the used and thrown out metals at high temperature which breaks the rigid grain structure of these metals and then these metals are heat treated and and formed into desired shapes but these recycled metals are not used for heavy duty purposes due to low factor of safety and durability in it. The vehicle waste which mainly consists of metals, around 80% 0f the vehicles can be recycled. The other metals and substance like lead, glass and plastic go through the same process of melting and breaking down the grain structure and heat treated and finally molded into substances of daily usage but not used at the same level. With an increase of usage of plastic at the rate of 4-8% per year throughout the world, recycling them is the best option and anyway decomposition of plastic takes around 500 years. The other form of waste and the most dangerous one is the toxic waste and the waste after recycling all the waste is usually dumped into the modern landfills and modern incinerators. The landfills are big pits wherein the toxic waste and the non degradable waste is stored for decomposition. The decomposition takes place with the help of the chemicals and bacterias added in the landfills which increase the rate of the disintegration and lead to the formation of one of the most toxic gas which is methane more harmful to the environment than carbon monoxide. This gas is collected from the top of the the landfill through a suction pipe and then supplying methane to the thermal power plants near by to produce electricity. Some of the examples of landfills like the Cateura, Paraguay in the illustrations and another famous example is the Olympic Grounds in Australia wherein a lot of toxic waste like tanks and old warships is dumped Olympic grounds. The other types of landfills are for the human waste such as Biogas plant, Digestor which are usually implemented in the rural areas for the production of biogas to cook food and heat the house. These are big vessel or container of human and agricultural waste which is mixed with water and this solid-liquid mixture known as slurry is dumped into the digestor or the vessel and an electronically operated stirrer is provided to mix the slurry from time to time. The slurry is then kept in the digestor for a couple of weeks and due to which there is an increased in the temperature up to 70 °C – 80 °C in the vessel due to the decomposition and this induces the production of butane gas which useful in cooking and heating the house. The left out in the bioreactor known as the sludge is used as fertilizer for agriculture. Generally, biogas plant was popular in the rural areas only but nowadays there are being taken into account due to urge of renewable energy. One of the world largest biogas plant is the Penkun biogas park which has 40 modules of 500 kW electrical power each, digesting mainly energy crops. The thermal energy produced is used in a fertilizer factory next to the biogas park which is situated in Germany. Finally, if the recycling doesn’t work, incineration is the only way by which this non- recyclable byproduct cannot be used but vanished. The biomass from this landfills and biogas plant is usually used as fertilizer but the toxic ones are usually incinerated in the modern high temperature incinerator which incinerate both the liquid and the solid waste at really high temperatures. This high temperature incineration is the â€Å"Best Technology Available† as quoted by the Mitchell Young, the editor of the book Garbage and Recycling as determined by the EPA. Most of the big factories have their modern hazardous waste incinerator on –site in their factory. But the small business depends on the off-site incineration managing all the hazardous wastes. These incinerators operate at high temperature around 1800 °F. The incinerator consists of a primary combustion chamber, an afterburner or the secondary combustion chamber which is connected to the pollution control system for controlling a monitoring the process. The afterburner increases the temperature form 1800 °F to 2200 °F which completely converts the hazardous solid and liquid waste into ashes or gases. The big banner companies such as Dove, Reliance and many more production hubs like it. But it always better to recycle than to incinerate which at some point pollute the environment. This all will help in solving the global issues like global warming, pollution, greenhouse effects and many more and reduce his usage of fresh and raw resources for future. To conclude this, Recycling waste is a long term project. But its key lies in segregation and putting in some efforts to clean up the neighborhood. The main motto of recycling is creating zero waste which a worthwhile goal. If the process of recycling starts from the waste producer then it becomes much easier to recycle the process like sorting the waste and avoiding the non-recyclable material out of the landfills and dumps. Thus,recycling said to be a process not a step. These awarenesses in the people would help in achieving the goal of zero waste. Recycling is equal to a better, healthier savings plan for tomorrow. How to cite Recycling, Papers Recycling Free Essays Don’t litter, it makes the world bitter! Recycle your bottles, cans, plastic and paper. Do not litter them; they can be used in some other way. Environmental sciences ERSC 1020H Marta Wolniewicz Recycling 2 Introduction: Recycling is very important for the natural environment and for humans as well. We will write a custom essay sample on Recycling or any similar topic only for you Order Now Littering has a huge negative effect on our environment and human health. Such as plastic, this is made up of non-biodegradable material and will always stay in some form. It is hazardous for all the lives living under water as it could be eaten as food by many birds and sea creatures. Also plastic resins are flammable and have caused many accidents worldwide and release many deadly toxins upon burning. Though cans are completely recyclable but it requires a huge amount of electricity which is provided by hydroelectric plants thus affecting our natural river and lake ecosystem and forests. Papers are made by cutting millions of trees which destructs the natural environment and forest. So don’t waste the paper and put them into the recycle bin. Recent progress has been seen in plastic recycling (Al-Salem, Lettieri and Baeyens, 2009). Technological sciences are working on recycling on food packaging materials (Arvanitoyannis and Bosnea, 2001). Environmental Sciences are working on all kind of recycling to make our earth a better living place. The purpose of my study is to find out the recycling habits of people and to aware them about its effects and damages on our environment and human health. To find out people’s habit of recycling we will conduct surveys at Trent University. After getting the result we will have a look and see how much people are aware of recycling, its ways and programs. We have predicted that most of people know about plastic and paper recycling but we plan to discuss more about plastic recycles as Toronto has recently started recycling clamshell plastic containers which many people are not aware of (The star, 2013). Recycling 3 Research question: How does paper and plastic use affect our environment? How can paper and plastic recycling have a positive impact on our environment? Method: The study method we have chosen is survey. Getting information from people is an important way to make decision about the interested topic. They help viewing the current situation and help decide what needs to be changed and where and how money should be spent to improve it. We will be conducting surveys to know about the recycling habits of people, like if they are recycling properly or not and if not then what can we do to improve their habits in order to save our environment. We haven’t done the survey yet but we will be doing it in Trent University, Oshawa at Thornton hill. They will be distributed in Environmental Science class of about 30 students and each participant is over 18. The questionnaire will be based on closed ended multiple choice questions. Depending on the survey result, we might decide to aware students more about recycling, its ways and other plastic items/containers that can be recycled. We will also be showing video or distributing some articles on the effects of plastic and paper use, its effect on our environment and the ways to prevent it. Please see the appendix for questionnaire. Recycling 4 Result and discussion: As mentioned before, we haven’t conducted the survey. But we are expecting to see a positive result as all students are young and they are connected to community somehow so they know about recycling. Plastic and paper recycling is more common than any other type of recycling and people do actually recycle as university has placed recycling bins in classes. And community has placed recycle bins on sidewalks and bus stops etc. Various technologies and studies conducted of plastic solid waste have greatly contributed to the waste management, its recycling, treatment and recovery (Al-Salem et al. , 2009). Study limitations: The class of about 30 students is not good enough to come to a decision and will not give enough data to know about the recycling system of a particular community. Also some students at Trent University are from other city (as 4 members of my group come from a different region), which will effect the results too because other city might have better recycling programs and facilities than the city survey conducted at. Questionnaire is subjective so people may not respond truthfully so it is hard to know if the survey is accurate. All participants are students, who are probably working part time so they are mostly out for university or work and might not know much and what items their family has been recycling. Recycling 5 References: Aghbali, Arman. (2012, September 13th). Toronto now accepting ‘clamshell’ plastic containers in recycling blue boxes. The Star. Retrieved from www. thestar. com Arvanitoyannis and Bosnea. (2001). Recycling of polymeric materials used for food packaging: current status and perspectives. Food reviews international, 17(3), 291-346. Al-Salem, Lettieri and Baeyens. 2009). Recycling and recovery routes of plastic solid waste. Waste management, 29, 2625-2643. Merrild, Damgaard and H. Christensen. (2008). Life cycle assessment of waste paper management: the importance of technology data and system boundaries in assessing recycling and incineration. Resources, conversation and recycling, 52(12), 1391-1398. Yusuf and L. Ify. (2011). The effect of waste paper on the kinetics of biogas yield from the co digestion of cow dung and water hyacinth. Biomass and bioenergy, 35(3), 1345-1351. Astrup, Fruergaard and Christensen. (2009). Recycling of plastic: accounting of greenhouse gases and global warming contributions. Waste management and research, 27(8), 763-772. Jagdish Kuniyal. (2005). Solid waste management techniques for the waste generated and brought down from campsites in the hill spots, trails and expedition tops. Waste management and research, 23(3), 182-198. Appendix: Survey questionnaire Recycling Don’t litter, it makes the world bitter! Please select the best option for the following question 1)Do you recycle? i. Yes ii. No iii. Sometimes iv. Never )If yes, what do you recycle? i. Paper ii. Aluminum and metal cans iii. Plastic food and beverage containers iv. Glass bottles and jars v. Cardboards / tires 3)If you recycle, what is your primary motivation? i. Environmental benefits ii. Provincial regulations iii. Fiscal responsibility iv. None 4)Do you sort your recyclables at home? i. Yes ii. No iii. Sometimes iv. Not really 5)If you don’t recycle on regular basis, indicate which one of following is your contributing reason i. Needs more information on how to recycle ii. Don’t know what to do with recyclables iii. Takes too much time v. Don’t believe in it 6)What is your difficulty level on deciding what items can be recycled or not? i. Easy ii. Difficult iii. Moderate iv. Neither 7)If recycling containers were more readily available, would you make an effort to recycle more? i. Yes ii. No iii. May be iv. You don’t know 8)Overall, are you satisfied with your community recycling program and pick-ups? i. Very satisfied ii. Somewhat satisfied iii. Very dissatisfied iv. Somewhat dissatisfied 9)How do you get information on recycling ways and programs? i. Radio ii. Cable / TV iii. Community newspaper iv. internet How to cite Recycling, Essay examples Recycling Free Essays Recycling Free Essays One way the US Government could develop an incentive plan that when you take your items to the recycling enter, that you get a receipt showing what you brought and receive points that can be used toward your utility bill. The point system would convert to dollars for this purpose. Many communities have recycling bins that the sanitation department picks up. We will write a custom essay sample on Recycling or any similar topic only for you Order Now The point system can be used with these as well. The workers could leave the slip in the bin for the customer. They could also make sure that all communities’ sanitation departments issue these bins. Consumers have several choices in how to recycle. You can take it to drop-off centers, curbside collection, and refund or deposit programs. There are three steps in recycling. First step: after collection is done, the recyclables go too recovery facility to be sorted and cleaned. They are then processed into materials that are used in manufacturing. The materials are then bought and sold like any raw materials for production. Second step: You will find that most of today’s products are manufactured with recycled materials. The most common are paper towels, newspapers, plastic, aluminum, glass soft drink containers, plastic laundry detergent bottles, steel products, car bumpers, cereal boxes, comic books, aluminum cans, egg orators, nails, motor oil, and trash bags. Other ways that the materials are used are using recycled glass in asphalt for paving roads and using recycled plastic in park benches and carpeting. Step three: Most products you buy are now made with recycled material. When shopping you can look on the labels to see if they are. By buying these products, you will help close the loop on recycling. Other things that you can recycle are the wooden pallets that are used in shipping. You can be used in your gardens, people make furniture Tires are used in asphalt and used for shoring up areas of erosion. The overall benefits of recycling is that it will help to reduce the amount of trash and discarded items go to the landfills and incinerators. It will help to prevent pollution and help to not use new raw materials. Our natural resources like timer, water, and minerals will be able to be revalidated. When it comes to saving energy, it will help to reduce the greenhouse gas emissions that are apart of the climate change. The main goal is also to help us to sustain the environment for generations to come. The Job market also depends on recycling centers for paying Jobs in that community. There is one question we can ask ourselves. â€Å"Are we throwing away an energy solution? † If we were to burn all the waste in the landfills of the US, it would provide an extra 33 gateways-which is the equivalent of 33 large power plants. Philipp Schmidt-Pitchman) We are missing out on a viable energy source to help us to not to depend on other countries for our natural resources. Many Americans still believe that burning trash gives off toxic fumes but, with how modern waste-to-energy factories process it, there is very little air pollution. How it works is that the high temperatures burn off the bonds of toxic chemicals. I use many plastic container for storing craft materials as a way to recycle. We take any egg cartons to the farms that sale eggs. How to cite Recycling, Papers

Narrative of the Life of Fredrick Douglass

â€Å"Narrative of the Life of Fredrick Douglass† is a biographical account of the experiences of a former slave in Maryland. The author, Fredrick Douglass was born Fredrick Bailey Circa in Maryland around 1818 as a slave in a big plantation. During his years as a slave, Douglass moved around a lot as his masters kept changing. Eventually, Douglass was able to escape slavery and relocate to New York. In New York, he started a family but his fugitive status prompted him to move further north to Massachusetts.Advertising We will write a custom book review sample on Narrative of the Life of Fredrick Douglass specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The author had started to learn how to read and write during his slavery days in Maryland. After he escaped, he continued with his self-education and began his activities with the Abolitionist newspaper, â€Å"Liberator†. Soon afterwards, he began giving lectures in meetings that wer e organized by the Abolitionist Movement. The â€Å"Narrative of the Life of Fredrick Douglass† serves as an account of slavery as well as its interpretation. Douglass wrote the book amid opposition from people who doubted the authenticity of his account. Most people doubted that a man as eloquent as Douglass had been a slave. The opposition to his accounts soon spread to include slave abolitionists who felt that he should concentrate on the â€Å"facts of his story† and abstain from delving into the philosophy behind slavery. â€Å"Narrative of the Life of Fredrick Douglass† was written as a response to the author’s critics. Douglass used real people and places’ names to ensure that the authenticity of his book could be proven. The book’s preface also maintains that Douglass is the ‘sole author’ of the book. The book was mostly intended for the stakeholders in the abolitionist movement. This means both those supporting slavery and those who were against it could have benefited from reading the narrative. The book was very popular after it was published and it prompted the author to start his own abolitionist newspaper and write two more volumes of his narrative. The book’s popularity was occasioned by the author’s ability to tell the slavery story and interpret it even to an opinionated audience. The book offers a personal account of the author’s time as slave. The author was born into slavery and served various masters until the time he managed to escape at the age of twenty. His account mostly revolved around the treatment he received as a slave. After his escape, a now educated Douglass would often be invited as a speaker in meetings organized by the American Anti-Slavery Society. His eloquence and his stories were very popular with audiences during such meetings. The book begins by giving an account of the author’s origin. According to the book, the author’s mother w as also a slave and his father was probably a white slave master (Douglass 24). Douglass never knew his exact date of birth as slave masters often hid this information from slaves.Advertising Looking for book review on biography? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The book details how Douglass was separated from his mother soon after he was born. According to him, this practice was meant to vandalize the natural bond between mothers and their children. When the author’s mother died, he was around seven years old and he recalls having no deep emotions about it. However, the author reckons that his childhood slavery experiences were much better compared to those of fellow slaves. The subsequent chapter in the book starts with a detailed analysis of the structure and the activities of his master’s family. The life at Colonel Lloyd’s plantations was not easy for many slaves. The slaves had to report to a central point where they received their pork, fish, and corn allowances each month. Other than their meager food rations, adult slaves were given clothing once a year, a single blanket, and they had to sleep on the floor. In the book, slaves often held the ‘great farmhouse’ in high regard and they felt privileged to be sent on an errand at this central house (Douglass 65). The author also addresses the issue of the songs that were sung by slaves while they worked. It was often misconstrued that the slaves sung out of joy while indeed the songs were bitter protests against slavery. In these two chapters, Douglass begins by doing an analysis of the institution of slavery. His insider account is very valuable to his arguments. The third chapter of this book gives an account of Colonel Lloyd the man who owned Douglass. It starts with an interesting account of how Mr. Lloyd prevented slaves from eating the fruits in his esteemed garden. In another instance, Lloyd sells off a slave a fter entrapping the slave to give an honest opinion about him (Mr. Lloyd). In the next chapter, the author gives an account of the cruelty of the slave overseers who sometimes killed slaves in cold blood. These two chapters are used to explore the inhumanity of slavery and those who embrace it. In the next two chapters, the author continues to narrate his personal experiences as a slave including his transfer to Baltimore. According to Douglass, this transfer would contribute to his quest for freedom. His life in the new household was characterized by the kindness of his mistress who even started to teach him how to read and write (Douglass 146). However, this kindness towards him is terminated by his master and mistress. The author says his thirst for freedom started while he was in the Auld household after the initial exposure to education. The last chapters in the book are an account of the author’s attempts at gaining freedom. These efforts include him continuing with sel f-education and a failed escape plot. The book ends with Douglass escaping successfully. He then reunites with Anna Murray and they get married in New York before moving further north. The author uses the book’s appendix to make a few clarifications including his take on religion.Advertising We will write a custom book review sample on Narrative of the Life of Fredrick Douglass specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Douglass uses his biography as a testament against slavery. His attempts are successful because of the authenticity of his personal experiences. In addition, his strong narrative and oratory skills are very valuable. As one of the earliest African-American voices against slavery, Douglass’s work serves two purposes. The first purpose is to open his audience’s eyes against slavery. The second purpose is to act as an articulate argument against slavery by a former slave. Using real names in his book was a good authentication tool for the book even if it compromised the safety of some fellow slaves and those who aided his escape. Sometimes in this book, the author can be seen trying to defend the actions of his characters involuntarily. This can weaken his most sought after authenticity in this book. â€Å"Narrative of the Life of Fredrick Douglass† is one of the most significant autobiographies in history. The book is also among the first personal accounts of what slaves went through in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. The detailed accounts of slavery experiences in the book serve as a historical reminder of American slavery. The book’s has remained relevant several centuries after it was first published and it is likely to remain so for many years to come. Works Cited Douglass, Frederick. Narrative of the Life of an American Slave, New York, NY: Transaction Publishers, 2009. Print. This book review on Narrative of the Life of Fredrick Douglass was written and submitted by user Jaime Rojas to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here. Narrative of the Life of Fredrick Douglass Introduction Douglass’s book, Narrative of the Life of Fredrick Douglass- An American Slave, provides the best evidence about American slavery. In the book, Douglass gives vivid evidence that he was once a slave; a fact that was doubted by many critics due to his oration skills and impeccable language (Douglass 11).He also gives solid evidence of the inhumanity that was characteristic of this institution. Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Narrative of the Life of Fredrick Douglass – An American Slave specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Douglss begins the book by giving a detailed description of his childhood life and the effects that slavery had on him as a child. He then goes on to give a detailed description of the brutality that was perpetrated against American slaves during his time as a slave. The book is filled with names, scenes and events which evidence its truthfulness. This paper is a descrip tion of the brutality that Douglas witnessed as a slave (Douglass 4). Aspects of American slavery American slavery was characterized with many acts of inhumanity. Slaves were denied their rights to literacy, severely beaten, overworked in farms, provided with poor living conditions, abused sexually, separated from their families, killed, tortured psychologically and emotionally, dehumanized, etc. Let us have a look at the evidence of these acts of inhumanity portrayed in Douglass’s book. Whippings The most portrayed act of inhumanity is the frequent beatings that were perpetrated on slaves. After Aunt Hester had gone out, she was severely beaten and caused to bleed profusely. All this was done because she was not there when the master â€Å"desired her presence† (Douglass 14). This is an act of inhumanity because it appears that the slaves were â€Å"tethered† like livestock and were not free to attend their needs. Before the beating, she was stripped from her neck to the waist and then whipped severely. This can be seen as an indication that her master, Captain Anthony, was abusing her sexually. This claim is substantiated by the fact that Aunt Hester had gone out to see a male neighbor named Ned Roberts. Captain Anthony was calling her a â€Å"b – – – – -b b – – – -h† (Douglass 14) as he whipped her. Captain Anthony got his name, presumably, from having sailed at Chesapeake Bay. Another evidence of beatings perpetrated on slaves is seen when Douglass is taken to the custody of Mr. Covey. He says that he was whipped every week until one day he collapsed while working in the farm. However, one day as Covey wanted to tie him for his weekly routine, Douglass protested and put up a fight. They fought for two hours until Douglass won the fight. This can be seen as one of the things that encouraged Douglass to relentlessly fight against the institution of slavery. It is also the beginni ng of Douglass’s confidence in his manhood. This is because after the fight, he was never beaten again. Douglass also explains how his mother received frequent whippings for not being in the farm at sunrise since she travelled at night to see him (Douglass 12). Advertising Looking for report on history? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More If a slave committed major misdemeanors, tried to escape or opposed the authority of the overseers in the farms, he/she was exposed to severe beatings before being sold. There is also a woman who was whipped in the presence of her children, who were crying begging the overseer to stop whipping their mother. The woman is said to have been whipped by Mr. Severe in front of her children until her blood ran for almost thirty minutes (Douglas 17). Psychological and emotional torture There is substantial evidence of psychological and emotional torture perpetrated on slaves by their masters. Firs t of all, the separating of infants from their mothers before they were one year old amounts to emotional torture on both the mothers and their children. Douglass explains how his mother walked a distance of about twelve miles night after night to see him. This was after she was separated from him during his infancy (Douglass 12). When his mother was sick and during her death, Douglass was not allowed to go and see her. Even when she died, he was not allowed to attend her burial. He says that his separation from his mother made him have no emotions for her such that her death hit him like the death of a stranger (Douglass 12). This is emotional torture perpetrated on Douglass. There is also the stated incidence in which a woman was whipped in front of her children (Douglass 17). This is emotional torture on the children. An example of how slave-holders psychologically tortured their slaves is seen when Colonel Lloyd meets one of his slaves who speaks ill of him. After the incident, Colonel Lloyd postpones the punishment for this act until two weeks later. The delay of punishment can be seen as psychological torture on the slave (Douglass 34). Sexual abuse Although Douglass does not give much evidence about sexual abuse, the reader is left to make his/her conclusions about this issue. First of all, Douglass’s father is said to be an unknown white man who is suspected to be his master. The fact that his father is unknown is a clear indication that his mother was sexually abused during his conception. This is also evidenced by the fact that his master was the chief suspect. Since masters were never good to their slaves. It is apparent that Douglass’s mother was forced into having sex with the man who bore Douglass. Another evidence of sexual abuse perpetrated on slaves is seen when Aunt Hester is whipped. There was also the rule that children who were born by black women belonging to white fathers were to be regarded as slaves (Douglass 13). This is enough evidence that the whites (masters) were sexually abusing slaves since for them to develop such a rule, there must have been several cases of children born by white men and black women. The rule is an indication that they had, kind of, legalized this behavior. It was also an evidence of the inhumanity that the masters had if they could send their own children to experience the woes of slavery.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Narrative of the Life of Fredrick Douglass – An American Slave specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Poor living conditions The slaves were provided with very poor living conditions. After a very busy day with whippings, slaves had limited time for household chores and thus they lacked enough time to sleep. They all slept on cold floors covered with very poor blankets. Slaves were provided with clothes annually. This meant that when a slave missed clothes, he/she could stay with tatters for two years. The clothes provided include two linen shirts, two linen trousers, one jacket, and another trouser for winter, a pair of shoes and stockings. Food was given on a monthly basis. Children of both sexes between the ages seven years and ten years were always naked. These were the characteristics of the â€Å"Great House Farm† (Douglass 17) which was the prestigious â€Å"workplace† of the slaves (Douglass 17). One wonders what the conditions of other lesser farms were. Dehumanization There are many cases of dehumanization in Douglass’s book. First of all, the slaves were overworked in the field and they received severe beatings while working. The effect of this can be seen when Douglass was taken to Mr. Covey. He was overworked and whipped routinely until he lost consciousness while carrying out his duties in the field. Another evidence of dehumanization of slaves is seen when Douglass’s master dies. His death is followed by the inher itance of slaves along with livestock and other property (Douglass 16). Other acts of inhumanity Other acts of inhumanity in the book include the jailing of Douglass and his friends after an attempted escape. Additionally, while Douglass was working as a Caulker in Baltimore, all his wages were given to his master, Auld. The slaves were also denied their rights to literacy. However, Douglass beat the system and found his ways of attaining literacy. His literacy contributed greatly to his fight against slavery (Douglass 15). There is evidence that some slaves were killed for no apparent reason. This is evidenced in the description of the character of one of the overseers of Douglass’s master named Mr. Plummer. He is said to have been beheading women slaves (Douglass 13). Conclusion Many people doubted that Douglass was a slave due to his language skills but his book gave the proof that he was actually a slave. His description of the events and the environments of American sla very is filled with a lot of evidence of truthfulness inform of names. Among the names of places that are repeatedly mentioned in this book are the â€Å"Great House Farm† (Douglass 17), the Chesapeake Bay, the Baltimore, etc. On the other hand, events that are highlighted in this book are all meant to show the suffering of the slaves. These events include the singing of the slaves, who worked in the â€Å"Great House Farm† (Douglass 17) and events during which slaves were tortured or mistreated. Advertising Looking for report on history? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The latter include the whipping of Aunt Hester, the whipping of a woman in front of her kids, the collapsing of Douglass while working on the field and his subsequent fight with Mr. Covey, the whipping of Douglass’s mother in the morning after failing to make it to the farm by sunrise etc (Douglass 12-17). All these events are meant to show the brutality that was perpetrated against American slaves. Works Cited Douglass, Frederick. Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass-An American Slave. U.S: Yale University, 2001. Print. This report on Narrative of the Life of Fredrick Douglass – An American Slave was written and submitted by user Samuel Ryan to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Promoting Mental Health Essays

Promoting Mental Health Essays Promoting Mental Health Essay Promoting Mental Health Essay The aim of this assignment will be to demonstrate my interventions designed to promote mental health and well being using current national and local policies and campaigns in relation to the patient’s identified needs as well as evidence based therapeutic interventions. Finally I will evaluate my package reflecting on its success or failure. In order to gain a better understanding of mental health promotion, it is important to gain a definition of promoting mental health. Rosie Winterton (2006) quotes ‘Mental health promotion is key to changing attitudes about mental health across society. The National framework for mental health (DOH 1999) implemented national standards and service models for promoting mental health. Rosie Winterton (2006) continues ‘the National Service Framework for mental health.. outlines the need for the promotion of mental health for whole communities in schools, the workplace and neighbourhoods, as well as combating the discrimination against individuals and groups with mental health problems, and promoting their social inclusion. As a nurse, I have a duty of care NMC (2008) to support and promote patients recovery so that he/she can be a productive member of society without feelings of feeling socially excluded. The client chosen will be called Elizabeth* for the purpose of this assignment in line with the Nursing and Midwifery Council (NMC 2008) Code of professional Conduct and Data Protection Act (1998) which require health care professionals to protect and maintain their clients confidentiality. Elizabeth is a 38 year old woman who originates from Didsbury. Elizabeth is currently an inpatient on an adult psychiatric ward. Elizabeth was referred on recommendations from her Drugs Misuse worker. Elizabeth presented with signs of self neglect, low self esteem, feeling faint, disorientated, anxiety, irritability and aggression amongst others. Elizabeth has recently separated from her husband with whom she had no children. This was due to her cannabis addiction; this caused problems between Elizabeth and her husband mentally, emotionally and financially. Elizabeth is now living with her mother, having accumulated debts to dealers, led to Elizabeth’s low mood and admission. During the initial interview Elizabeth claimed she had been dependant on cannabis since the age of 14. She had been admitted onto the ward for a detoxification from drugs on the recommendation from her Drug Worker and husband who felt her drug taking was affecting her mental health. It is my duty to work in partnership with Elizabeth, to make her feel in control of her life and to successfully recover her from her drug dependence in accordance with the National Service Framework (NSF 1999) standard 1 which states, ‘health and social services should combat discrimination against individuals and groups with mental health problems, and promote their social inclusion’. To promote Elizabeth’s mental health I will need to assess her needs. ‘A need is a problem or barrier that makes people or communities less healthy than they can be.. or interferes with optimum health’ Bradshaw (1972). The nursing care begins with a comprehensive, systematic and accurate assessment. (Shives 2005). It would be vital to gain as much information as possible from Elizabeth and any other relevant sources in order to evaluate Elizabeth needs. (Barker 2003) state’s ‘collections of relevant information.. contributes to an overall evaluation’. This information would assist me in formulating a psycho-educational package. I prioritised her needs in identifying and implementing care using Specific, Measurable, Achievable, Realistic and Time framed’. (SMART) model DOH (2001). I introduced myself to Elizabeth as her Nurse. It is important to establish a therapeutic and understanding relationship with Elizabeth in order for recovery to take place. This can be achieved through communication. Communication is the key to gaining trust in any relationship. The DOH highlighted ‘Communication is a fundamental aspect of any relationship’. (DOH 1994). The assessment interview was conducted in an isolated room to avoid distractions that may threaten confidentiality and interfere with the effective listening, privacy and dignity of the client, (NMC 2008). I explained to Elizabeth that any information gathered from her would be shared with other health care professionals involved in her care without breaching her confidentiality in compliance to the (NMC 2008) and the (Caldicott Report 1997) unless it was required by the law. Elizabeth’s response was very responsible saying she understood and was willing to co-operate. I continued to engage with Elizabeth using my interpersonal skills; listening, attentiveness, assertiveness, humour, self disclosure and my body language, (Riley 2008). Without these skills I would not have been able to attain the information required to understand her difficulties and formulating sessions. During our initial session, Elizabeth was very open with me about her cannabis use and personal life. Elizabeth explained how cannabis had changed her and destroyed her marriage. Elizabeth expressed her desire of detoxification, to stay clean and to gain employment. Elizabeth explained how her cannabis use had started off in her young teens where smoking cannabis was seen as ‘being cool’. Elizabeth also explained that it had started to affect her mentally in her late 20’s. I assured Elizabeth that her detoxification would be a tough process for her but as a Nurse I will support her. According to Murray et al (2004) ‘Cannabis use alone does not cause psychosis, but it is one of the things that may contribute to its development; therefore, using cannabis increases the risk. Alongside this drugs.. cause a massive surge of dopamine to be released and this extra dopamine leads to the sensation of pleasure, (Creek and Lougher 2008). This contributes to Elizabeth’s low mood since dopamine receptor sites have been either reduced or shut down. Elizabeth and I both agreed to use Cognitive Behaviour Therapy to correct distorted conceptualizations and dysfunctional beliefs underlying her illness. CBT is the only psychological treatment in chronic psychosis with proven durability at short-term follow-up (Gould et al, 2001). Cognitive behavior therapy takes into account not only the symptoms of the illness but also the impact the illness on the individual such as isolation from family and friends, damage to social and working relationships, depression and increased risk of self harm. I discussed CBT in depth with Elizabeth and allowed her to have literature on the subject which she could refer to in her own time. Elizabeth was experiencing hallucinations, I explained how reality testing worked and belief modification. ‘Milton et al. (1987) suggested that belief modification and reality testing are effective strategies in reducing the conviction associated with delusional beliefs. This involves helping clients to question the evidence underlying their beliefs and to set up behavioural experiments to test the reality of the evidence for their beliefs (Chadwick amp; Lowe, 1990). Elizabeth was willing to use CBT and later realised the voices were not real. Alongside this with all the information gathered Elizabeth was prepared to assume the role of a self-therapist, (Williams, 2004). During the next weeks of Elizabeth’s treatment I was able to continue my assessment. Elizabeth portrayed irritability, self neglect, poor concentration, agitation and lack of sleep. Elizabeth’s symptoms continued and she also expressed thoughts about staff, which were out to hurt her and hated her. I reassured Elizabeth that her thoughts were not reality using CBT reality testing. I also asked her to ask the staff she accused whether they expressed these thoughts about her. Although this was difficult as Elizabeth’s symptoms grew she became adamant that they hated her. It takes time to change and many individuals like Elizabeth, no matter what the change, are not successful on their first attempt stated by Prochaska and Di Climente (1998). My interaction with Elizabeth was positive, through me engaging her in decision making and allowing her to be involved in her care, this allowed us to build a therapeutic relationship. Elizabeth was able to open up to me and share her feelings with me, she expressed how important it was for her detoxify and to rebuild her life. Elizabeth began to show some insight into her illness in the second session. Elizabeth realised her problematic behaviour and expressed a desire to change. I used motivation enhancement therapy encouraging her desire to change. Elizabeth was a voluntary patient in the hospital and claimed she had no desire to leave until the drug detoxification had taken place. I made positive comments regarding this and encouraged Elizabeth. Elizabeth expressed that she felt better within her mental state, I had noticed this too as she had been more engaging with myself and other staff with whom previously she didn’t. Elizabeth said she was grateful towards me and the nursing team for listening and helping her. She also felt as though she was being treated as an individual whose dignity was respected rather than drug addict in compliance with the NMC (2008). Elizabeth expressed her desire to build her life again with her family including her husband and her mother. I asked her to use this as an inspiration and to act on this thought positively. I also asked Elizabeth to elaborate on this thought; we looked at positive and negative outcomes that could happen so Elizabeth was ready to deal with them if they arose. My role as a nurse was to act as a witness and a facilitator to Elizabeth’s battles. Elizabeth expressed her desire to get involved with the groups that took place within the ward with the Occupational Therapist. I encouraged her to join the groups and pointed out there was a gardening group who worked on the hospital garden. I remember from an earlier session that Elizabeth had expressed a passion for gardening. Elizabeth agreed to attend the group, she later expressed that she had made friends with a lady from another ward in the group. This was promoting her mental health and also boosting her social skills. Elizabeth’s food intake was poor; she claimed she did not like the hospital food and that it made her feel sick. I discussed with the multi disciplinary team and we agreed to commence sessions with the Occupational Therapist with whom she was already working with to start cooking sessions. This would allow the O. T to assess Elizabeth’s skills and to assist her with activities of daily living. Alongside this Elizabeth would be able to cook, prepare and eat the foods she liked. This would boost Elizabeth’s confidence and avoid relapse. Relapse prevention is a self management programme designed to enhance the maintenance phase in the model of change, Miller and Rollnick (2002). It can be defined as a wide range of strategies to prevent relapse in the field of addictive behaviour with the emphasis on self management and the techniques and strategies aimed at enhancing maintenance of habit of change, (Creek and Lougher 2008). Through motivational interview, Elizabeth recovered some of her coping strategies in situations that could lead to relapse. Researchers have shown that the people who are aware of potential relapse situations and use specific strategies can effectively reduce the risk of relapse. (Kirby et al 1995). Elizabeth’s mental health and well being was also promoted using the Humanistic approach. Humanism emphasises the study of the whole person (Aanstoos et al 2000). This concentrates on Elizabeth’s behaviour from her point of view and allows Elizabeth to analysis her behaviour. This also promotes empathy. However it is unarguable whether Elizabeth’s behaviour is connected to her inner feelings and self image, (Clay 2002). Using open questions with Elizabeth, unstructured interviews and diary accounts, allows Elizabeth to have insight into her illness and promote her mental health and well being. The humanistic approach offers new set’s of values for approaching an understanding of human nature and their condition. This offers expanded horizons of methods of inquiry in the study of human behaviour and needs. The information gathered from Elizabeth from using the humanism approach gave insight and more holistic information in her problems; she was also involved in making decisions to meet her needs and kept a diary account to see if she was meeting these needs. The humanism approach helped Elizabeth’s mental health and well being as suggested by Maslow’s hierarchy of need as the baseline (Maslow 1954). The final session between me and Elizabeth was on motivation. Motivational strategies are used to increase commitment to change and boost motivation. It is a relatively simple, transparent and supportive talk therapy based on the principles of cognitive behaviour therapy, (Bundy 2004). A great deal of commitment and effort is required by me and Elizabeth in CBT. It is important for the Elizabeth to give me feedback, both positive and negative, at each session. This allows me to alter the speed, style, and content of future sessions in order to meet the specific needs of Elizabeth. Motivational interviewing assisted Elizabeth in identifying and measuring her emotional reactions to problems she has faced, to also identify how her thoughts and feelings interact to produce the patterns in behaviour and to challenge this thought process. Alongside this i had to fully utilize my listening skills to ensure engagement between me and Elizabeth. This gave Elizabeth the opportunity to express herself and feel valued with my attention. I also expressed empathy by using eye contact that made her feel comfortable with myself. I used phrases like ’I understand’ and ‘I can see you feel strongly about that’ as suggested by Riley (2008). I also waited until Elizabeth had finished what she was saying, avoiding interruption allowed Elizabeth to continue with what she was saying. The National Services Framework (DOH 1999) Standard one states ‘Individuals who misuse alcohol or drugs are at a significantly increased risk of suicide’. The standard one puts mental health promotion as their main goal. Individuals like Elizabeth have stigma attached to them because of the discrimination and social exclusion they face. In order to tackle this, educating the public on mental and drug and alcohol related issues would gain mental health promotion. The NSF standard one allows opportunities for promotion in mental health such as employment, housing, education, benefits to reduce discrimination against individuals with mental health problems. Mental Health prevention is important in psychiatric nursing care. (Caplan 1964). Promotion of mental health is divided into three levels. 1. Primary – lowering mental disorders or reducing the rate at which new cases of disorders occur. By using Motivational Interviewing Elizabeth was able to understand her thought process which was linked to her behaviour, thus reducing the rate at which the incidences of mental disorders occur. 2. Secondary prevention would involve reducing the prevalence of mental disorder by reducing the number of existing cases. This involves finding, screening and effective treatments. By Elizabeth committing herself to treatment and detoxification, has allowed us to treat her and reduce the number of existing cases. 3. Tertiary prevention allows activities to reduce the severity of mental disorders and associated disability through rehabilitative activities. Elizabeth found Gardening relaxed her mental state and reduced the severity of her mental disorder. Elizabeth showed determination and improvement with her treatment. This allowed me and the multidisciplinary team to start working with her for her life after discharge. Employment opportunities and help with housing will be in place for Elizabeth’s discharge. This plan allows Elizabeth to see discharge and abstinence from drugs as a reality. The National Treatment Agency for Substance Misuse have published many documents to assist with recovery from substance misuse. The NTA works in partnership with national, regional and local agencies to develop standards for treatment and that there are local accessible services to support drug users. The ‘Making it Happen’ (DOH 2001) document states that mental health promotion helps to improve physical health, enhance social inclusion and participation. By assisting Elizabeth through her treatment, allowed Elizabeth to become part of the society again. By reducing the stigma and discrimination associated with mental health problems. This strengthens the capacity of communities to support social inclusion. Elizabeth was able to follow the treatment programme designed for her to allow her to recover from drugs and to stay abstinence from them. However it is vital for Elizabeth to continue this treatment whilst in the community to promote recovery and avoid relapse. I discussed with Elizabeth possible triggers that may trigger a relapse or become weak. Elizabeth shared with me that her brother was also a cannabis user. I expressed that Elizabeth could educate her brother with the knowledge she now shared about the drug and the problems it poses. I also advised Elizabeth to advise her brother on the help she received from her local Drug and Alcohol team. This may help her brother to seek help for his own addiction and allow Elizabeth not to be influenced by her brother. I was impressed by Elizabeth’s determination she had shown me throughout her treatment and her consistency of hard work. I advised Elizabeth to join a local support group to remove the stigma on drug users, to boost her confidence within her community and to socialize. In order for this mental health promotion to be a success ongoing assessment of Elizabeth was necessary. This allowed Elizabeth to become engaged with the interventions proposed and to express her own concerns. Although Elizabeth’s behaviour was monitored Elizabeth felt able to approach me and express that she had noticed changed in her behaviour via using the motivational interviewing skills, the demonstration of care and concern by the nursing team and her desire to achieve her goal of regaining relationships with her family. The package that was created for Elizabeth allowed her to promote her health and well being in many ways, building her confidence with the nursing team, allowing her to socialize with other patients from other wards in her Occupational Therapy groups/activities, building her knowledge on her treatment allowing her to be in control and to make decisions. Elizabeth was able to analyze her behaviour through keeping a diary. Elizabeth was able to advise other patients through her experience of the detoxification. Elizabeth turned into a confident young woman allowing her to build her broken life into success with her family and gaining voluntary employment with her local Drug and Alcohol team where she advised drug users on the experience of her detoxification programme.

Definition and Examples of Creoles

Definition and Examples of Creoles In linguistics, a creole is a type of  natural  language that developed historically from a pidgin and came into existence at a fairly precise point in time.  English creoles are spoken by  some of the people in  Jamaica, Sierra Leone, Cameroon, and  parts of Georgia and South Carolina. The historical  transition from a pidgin to a creole is called creolization.  Decreolization is the process by  which a creole language gradually becomes more like the standard language of a region (or the acrolect). The language that provides a creole with most of its vocabulary is called the lexifier language. For example, the lexifier language of Gullah (also called  Sea Island Creole English) is English.   Examples and Observations of Creole Creolization-  A pidgin is the combination of two or more languages which sometimes occurs in trade contact, multi-ethnic or refugee situations, where participants need a functioning common language. . . . Sometimes the pidgin becomes stable and established and comes to be spoken as a mother-tongue by children: the language has then become a creole, which quickly develops in complexity and is used in all functional settings. The process of turning a pidgin into a creole is called ​creolization.(Robert Lawrence Trask and Peter Stockwell, Language and Linguistics: The Key Concepts. Routledge, 2007)-   A creole has a jargon or a pidgin in its ancestry; it is spoken natively by an entire speech community, often one whose ancestors were displaced geographically so that their ties with their original language and sociocultural identity were partly broken. Such social conditions were often the result of slavery.(John A. Holm, An Introduction to Pidgins and Creoles. Cambridge Univ ersity Press, 2000) Similar Features of CreolesLinguists have been struck by the similarities between widely separated creoles. These include such features as SVO word order, pre-verbal negation, lack of a formal passive voice, questions with the same forms as statements, and copula deletion. Some linguists argue that such similarities are evidence of an innate language faculty or bioprogram- that in conditions of impoverished linguistic input, children will nevertheless develop a fully fledged syntax based on universal grammar.(Michael Pearce, The Routledge Dictionary of English Language Studies. Routledge, 2007)Gullah-  The English variety spoken by descendants of Africans on the coast of South Carolina is known as Gullah and has been identified as a creole. Of all the vernaculars associated with African Americans, it is the one that diverges the most from (White) middle-class varieties in North America.(S.S. Mufwene, North American Varieties of English as Byproducts of Population Contacts, in The W orkings of Language, ed. by R. S. Wheeler. Greenwood, 1999)- On possible to get straight wood from crooked timber.(A Gullah  proverb,  from  The Gullah People and Their African Heritage, 2005)- The Gullah lexicon is  largely English. From his research conducted in the late 1930s, Lorenzo Turner was the first linguist to document over 4000 Africanisms in the Gullah lexicon,  many of them used as basket names (e.g. Gullah nicknames). Today you can still hear in normal everyday conversations such African retentions as  buckra white man, tita elder sister, dada mother or elder sister, nyam eat/meat, sa quickly, benne sesame, una you, and da the verb to be.  Other Gullah Africanisms such as  cooter turtle, tote to carry, okra plant food, gumbo stew, and goober peanut are widely used in mainstream American English.(Concise Encyclopedia of Languages of the World, ed. by  Keith Brown and Sarah Ogilvie.  Elsevier, 2009 Disagreements Over the Creole Roots of Black English in the U.S.[A]s for various arguments that Black English displays African or creole roots because of the role that aspect plays in its grammar (e.g., DeBose and Faraclas 1993), the issue is in fact not yet sufficiently examined to stand as an accepted fact. For one, tense plays a much more central role in Black English grammar than in Creoles or the West African languages of the Upper Guinea region, underlyingly marking the past and future as obligatorily as any Indo-European grammar (cf. also Winford 1998: 116). Second, typical of Creolist Hypothesis advocates generally insufficient attention to English dialects, the aspect arguments do not address the role that aspect in nonstandard British dialects may have played. This gap in argumentation alone renders the linkage of Black English aspect to Africa and creoles seriously incomplete, which is all the more significant given that there is indeed evidence that nonstandard British di alects are more aspect-focused than standard English (Trugdill and Chambers 1991).(John H. McWhorter, Defining Creoles. Oxford University  Press, 2005) Pronunciation: KREE-ol